Side by side testing of eight solar water heating systems
A DTI funded study on solar panel performance highlighted the need for zero carbon solar thermal systems because the operational carbon clawback exceeded 20% for ancient styles of solar panels. To save energy, there was one zero carbon solar panel, Solartwin, whose design innovations were validated by the study. Solar energy is not negated by “parasitics” by the best solar panel designs. … solartwin solar thermal panels panel energy efficiency DIY green sustainable technology solarpanel …
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I'm a 38 year-old electrical engineer from Southern California.

oh right ok then : )
Thank you very much.
Convection driven is indeed the ideal zero carbon solar system, but you can only use convection if your collector is below the store. If it is above it then you need a pump. In many parts of the world the collector sits on the roof while the water store is protected from freezing by being in the house below. Hence the need to pump against the forces of convection. Thanks for your comment.
Nice explanation.
you dont need pumps,you can use convection
thank you for the explanations and the graph is very helpful at showing how excellent these systems realy are and more importantly how much better they will continue to get im sure.